Muslim invention that shaped the modern world

[studentin96]

Muslim inventions that shaped the modern world

By Olivia Sterns for CNN
January 29, 2010 7:53 a.m. EST


In 9th century Spain, Muslim inventor Abbas ibn Firnas designed a flying machine -- hundreds of years before da Vinci drew plans of his own.


STORY HIGHLIGHTS

• Exhibition celebrates 1,000 years of "forgotten" Muslim heritage
• From coffee to cranks, items we couldn't live without today are Muslim inventions
• Modern hospitals and universities both began in 9th century North Africa

London, England (CNN) -- Think of the origins of that staple of modern life, the cup of coffee, and Italy often springs to mind.
But in fact, Yemen is where the ubiquitous brew has its true origins.
Along with the first university, and even the toothbrush, it is among surprising Muslim inventions that have shaped the world we live in today.
The origins of these fundamental ideas and objects -- the basis of everything from the bicycle to musical scales -- are the focus of "1001 Inventions," a book celebrating "the forgotten" history of 1,000 years of Muslim heritage.
"There's a hole in our knowledge, we leap frog from the Renaissance to the Greeks," professor Salim al-Hassani, Chairman of the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation, and editor of the book told CNN.
"1001 Inventions" is now an exhibition at London's Science Museum. Hassani hopes the exhibition will highlight the contributions of non-Western cultures -- like the Muslim empire that once covered Spain and Portugal, Southern Italy and stretched as far as parts of China -- to present day civilization.
Hospitals as we know them today, with wards and teaching centers, come from 9th century Egypt
--professor Salim al-Hassani



RELATED TOPICS

• Middle East
• World History
• Science and Technology

Here Hassani shares his top 10 outstanding Muslim inventions:
1. Surgery
Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving cat gut to stitch wounds -- beforehand a second surgery had to be performed to remove sutures. He also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.
2. Coffee
Now the Western world's drink du jour, coffee was first brewed in Yemen around the 9th century. In its earliest days, coffee helped Sufis stay up during late nights of devotion. Later brought to Cairo by a group of students, the coffee buzz soon caught on around the empire. By the 13th century it reached Turkey, but not until the 16th century did the beans start boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.
3. Flying machine
"Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person to make a real attempt to construct a flying machine and fly," said Hassani. In the 9th century he designed a winged apparatus, roughly resembling a bird costume. In his most famous trial near Cordoba in Spain, Firnas flew upward for a few moments, before falling to the ground and partially breaking his back. His designs would undoubtedly have been an inspiration for famed Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci's hundreds of years later, said Hassani.
4. University
In 859 a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the first degree-granting university in Fez, Morocco. Her sister Miriam founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University. Still operating almost 1,200 years later, Hassani says he hopes the center will remind people that learning is at the core of the Islamic tradition and that the story of the al-Firhi sisters will inspire young Muslim women around the world today.
5. Algebra
The word algebra comes from the title of a Persian mathematician's famous 9th century treatise "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which translates roughly as "The Book of Reasoning and Balancing." Built on the roots of Greek and Hindu systems, the new algebraic order was a unifying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers and geometrical magnitudes. The same mathematician, Al-Khwarizmi, was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power.
6. Optics
"Many of the most important advances in the study of optics come from the Muslim world," says Hassani. Around the year 1000 Ibn al-Haitham proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off of them and entering the eye, dismissing Euclid and Ptolemy's theories that light was emitted from the eye itself. This great Muslim physicist also discovered the camera obscura phenomenon, which explains how the eye sees images upright due to the connection between the optic nerve and the brain.
7. Music
Muslim musicians have had a profound impact on Europe, dating back to Charlemagne tried to compete with the music of Baghdad and Cordoba, according to Hassani. Among many instruments that arrived in Europe through the Middle East are the lute and the rahab, an ancestor of the violin. Modern musical scales are also said to derive from the Arabic alphabet.
8. Toothbrush
According to Hassani, the Prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in around 600. Using a twig from the Meswak tree, he cleaned his teeth and freshened his breath. Substances similar to Meswak are used in modern toothpaste.
9. The crank
Many of the basics of modern automatics were first put to use in the Muslim world, including the revolutionary crank-connecting rod system. By converting rotary motion to linear motion, the crank enables the lifting of heavy objects with relative ease. This technology, discovered by Al-Jazari in the 12th century, exploded across the globe, leading to everything from the bicycle to the internal combustion engine.
10. Hospitals
"Hospitals as we know them today, with wards and teaching centers, come from 9th century Egypt," explained Hassani. The first such medical center was the Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital, founded in 872 in Cairo. Tulun hospital provided free care for anyone who needed it -- a policy based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are sick. From Cairo, such hospitals spread around the Muslim world.
For more information on muslim inventions go to: muslimheritage.com. For more information about the exhibition at London's Science Museum go to: science museum.org.uk


source: here

[studentin96]

i've read part of the comments section of this article. wow so much debating. i think i shouldn't have brought this up because i just read it and can't argue about it

[studentin96]

ok this is what i got from luvly wikipedia:

1. surgery. yes surgery as in making a cut in the body for healing purposes was performed in ancient times far before islam, and also a hindu guy named sushruta compiled a book about this. however, it was developed to high degree in the islamic world. a man named zahrawi, in the west also known as abulcasis, compiled a 30 volume encyclopedia about surgery and made it methodical and his encyclopedia was the main source of reference in europe up until renaissance. that is why zahrawi was also called father of surgery.

2. coffee, even if it was the euthopian who first find out about the energizing properties of coffee, it was in yemen where coffee was first roasted and brewed and used as drinks.

3. flying machine. the first known flying kites were in china 200 BC. the first glider flights was by abbas ibn firnas of cordoba.

4. university. yes in terms of groups of scholar studying, universities has existed in the ancient greek. however the first university to issue certification for degrees was in the muslim world as mentioned above.

5. algebra. there is a debate about crediting algebra either to hellenistic diophantus or to al-khawarizmi who wrote a book about al-jabr, the name from which algebra is derived. those who support al-khawarizmi reason that he

...introduced the methods of "reduction" and "balancing" (the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation) which the term al-jabr originally referred to,^[10] and that he gave an exhaustive explanation of solving quadratic equations,^[11] supported by geometric proofs, while treating algebra as an independent discipline in its own right.

6.optics. yes optics first appeared in ancient egypt. but it was ibn al-Haitham who first proved that humans see objects by light rays reflecting off of the objects, rejecting previous theories by euclid and plato that lights are emitted from the eye. and this theory of al-Haitham is what is accepted in modern world as mentioned above. further more:

In 984, the Persian mathematician, Ibn Sahl wrote a treatise "On Burning Mirrors and Lenses", correctly describing a law of refraction mathematically equivalent to Snell's law.^[9] He used his law of refraction to compute the shapes of lenses and mirrors that focus light at a single point on the axis. In the early 11th century, Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham) wrote his Book of Optics, which extensively documented the then-current Islamic understanding of optics and revolutionized the field.^[10][11][12] It included the first descriptions of optical phenomena associated with pinholes and concave lenses,^[13][14] provided the first correct explanation of vision, described various experiments using an early scientific method,^[15] and greatly influenced the later development of the modern telescope.^[16]

7. music. the link is given above. belive it or not

8. toothbrush. yes the habit of brushing the teeth with plant parts was known since ancient china. but siwak has antiseptic properties and has been widely used in the muslim world since the time of prophet muhammad.

9. the crank. dunno about this

10. hospitals. yes places for caring the sick existed since ancient greek. however,

In the medieval Islamic world, the word "bimaristan" was used to indicate an establishment where the ill were welcomed and cared for by qualified staff. In this way Muslim physicians distinguished between a hospital and a hospice, asylum, lazaret, or leper-house, all of which were more concerned with isolating the sick and the mad (insane) from society than offering them a cure. Some thus consider the medieval Bimaristan hospitals as "the first hospitals" in the modern sense of the word.

[Susan]

Very interesting info Stuey, thanks for sharing! (and doing extra research!)

[studentin96]

well it's my pleasure